Moon

Moon - Earth's only natural satellite. One of the largest natural satellites in solar system. It is a celestial body like stars and planets in scientific works, the moon is referred to as ( lat; Luna) It's symbol is the crescent. The average Lunar distance from Earth is 384.403 km, its diameter is 3.476 km. The moon rotates with the Earth around it. it can be seen mainly at night, but sometimes its possible also daytime. It comes  in many shapes and sizes from Earth. why is this so? and why is it shining at night if it is the coldest and darkest celestial body?  the  moon really can't shine. It shines  with sun's reflective rays.  the moon revolves around the earth that we only  see one side of it,  However scientists ere able to see the other side with help of the spacecrafts. Sometimes we see the sun round, arc, or semi-circular this because we see its side which side the sun shines on.   in fact the shape of the moon doesn't change completely . it takes 27.3 days to turn around the earth. The phases are called "Lunar shifters" when the moon enters the Earth in half, it will appear completely. It's called full moon. For the next two weeks , the moon's disc will  shine on the moon , as the soon's light reaches its smallest parts. soon the moon will tart a new turn. scientists found that there is no water or air and that there is only rocky surface. the first artificial object to land on the moon was Luna 2 (1959) The first photos were taken by Luna 3 that year on the lunar surface.The first map of the Moon was compiled by Thomas Heriot  in 1609. The largest crater  on the moon visible from Earth called the "valley of Death" it's area is  about 26 thousand sq. M. The diameter is 3476 km.  there is no wind on the Moon. The lunar   canals are like river  beds.  Their mechanism of production remains mystery. it is believed that there were  various mechanisms of formation. these include ancient pragmatic streams and decomposed underground  lava tubes.The Moon is  80 times lighter than Earth.  The Earth weights about  600 trillion tonnes and the main one is 81  billion tonnes. The temperature drops to -150 degrees Celsius at night. The highest temperature on the Moon was + 177 degrees Celsius, while lowest temperature was 164 degrees Celsius.The highest mountain on the Moon  is 11,599 meters and its the highest peak on Earth-8848 meters.  The most important fact about the Moon is that very large and high quality water was discovered beneath its surface as early as 2008   scientists have discovered water crystals on the moon , dating back 100 million years and have existed since the Moon was still full of active volcanoes . it is likely that the water  on the moon existed even when its collided  with the Earth 4. 5 billion years ago.  Across the entire Moon  is a repository  of volcanic water-rich volcanoes. They are scattered all over the surface of the moon, some even reaching several thousand square kilometers it may be in the near future that these reservoirs become the easiest way to obtain drinking water for the first lunar colonists.   The first artificial ship to fly to the moon was  the Apollo 11 from America , it landed  to the moon in 1969 and Neil Armstrong was in change of the crew. Members of  the Apollo learn watched the moon well and brought various  materials to the Earth.

LUNA 2- LUNA 3 ( RUSSIA. 1959)

APOLLO 11 ( USA. 1969)

How was the moon created?:- there is though that earlier when the Earth appeared it  was hit by a huge asteroid a planet -like body. this collision was so strong that the Earth was bracken up  into pieces and scattered into space . through  the gravitational force of the cosmos, there parts were collected together . however all parts couldn't be assembled into a single round planet. Some of them was left out of  the Earth and that is exactly the moon  it was called the Earth's companion. 

 THE SURFACE OF THE MOON

The moon surface is covered with dead volcanoes , impact craters and lava flows , some visible to the unaided stargazes. 

THE INVISIBLE SIDE OF THE MOON

" The dark side of the Moon" is  called that side of the moon that is not visible from the earth.this may make us think  that this side of the moon is in constant darkness or that the secret bases and interstellar aliens are hiding on the dark side of the moon, unfortunately not all that is true.  This is because the moon has a specific orbit . the moon takes 28 days to complete one rotation around Earth, the same days it takes to rotate round it's own  axis, therefore the Moon is perpendicular to the Earth on one side. 

This image depicts the lunar rotation around the earth and it's axis

Such orbit are found elsewhere in the solar system, for example; similar to the dwarf planet Pluto and it's moon Charon. 

The term " dark side of moon" implies that one side of the moon is in constant darkness, which is not true. like Earth ,the moon also has  the cycle of the day-night. this is what the lunar phases all are about. because of this, scientists refer to report this side of the moon as " the invisible side of the moon" because it is closer to reality.  Until the 1950 s,  nothing was practically  known about  the invisible  side of the moon, because real observations couldn't be made. the invisible  side of the moon is isolated from radio waves on Earth, making it an ideal place for radio telescopes. on the invisible  side of the moon, there are many craters , which can be used for the placement of radio telescopes such as the "ARESIBO" Earth telescope. it is believed that the invisible  side of the moon should have a greater amount of helium-3 this isotope of helium is rarely found on Earth  and can be used to fuel nuclear reactors.  Launched by the Soviet Union in 1959, the Luna 3 took the first of the invisible side  of the moon .  On November 6 , 1960, the soviet academy  of sciences issued  the first map of the invisible  side of the moon  in 1965.

 the invisible  side of the moon was studied  by the Soviet  ship Zond 3, which took high resolution photos of the moon. The first detailed maps of the invisible  side of the moon  were created within the framework of NASA'S lunar orbiter program, from 1966 to 1967.   People first saw the invisible  side of the moon in  1968 as part of the Apollo 8 mission. 

THE VISIBLE SIDE OF THE MOON

The humans have examined the "visible side of the moon" in detail.    The visible side of the moon  is largely covered by seas. It also should be noticed that the lunar seas are  in fact not dry seas  but dry plains caused  by ancient volcanic eruptions. However the  first astronomers in there regions  shook the seas because  they though these  places were  covered by water.  LRO (NASA) satellite had to capture more than 1,300 photographs with a wide -angle camera to show  the visible side of the moon in detail.

There are some of them

Why all craters are round to the moon?

Any collision with a moon is like a bomb exploding. however the collapsed body is completely vaporized. from the  bomb blast there remains a round hollow. Similarly, when colliding with the moon, meteors from round craters. However sometimes the meteor falls almost parallel to the surface of the moon- as if trying to land on it like a plane. in this case the crater looks like footprints. There are such craters  on the moon, though much less than round ones.


How does the moon create twists and turns and why does it leave the earth every year?

The earth and the ocean are deformed  under the influence of the tidal force of the moon. The twists and turns are due to the rotation of Earth around it's axis. The rotation of the Earth  beneath the ocean gives rise to a two-tidal wave of water that moves continuously from east to west.  Overall,  twists and turns are waves caused by ( and not only ) the lunar influence. The tides are effective all over the Earth,  just in case of the solid  surface , this is less noticeable. However, not always: it is specially the power of the lunar and solar tides to act as a trigger for minor earthquakes.
Why does Moon leaves Earth every year?--The Earth loses some of its energy that it supplies to the moon. As a result , the lunar orbit increases and the Earth's rotational speeds decreases. Billions of years ego, the Moon orbited 10-20,000 kilometers from Earth and now the average distance is 384,000 kilometers.after billions of years , the lunar orbit will almost double  and day-night will be continued during 870 hours. Then the Moon stops at a distance, and the speed of the Earth's rotation equals the speed of Moon's rotation and the moon can only be seen from one hemisphere - just like today Pluto and its companion Charon have long synchronized. Unless the sun  turns into a red giant  swallowing the Earth and the Moon  the Moon will begin to approach again. The Sun's rays continue to weaken the Earth and now the Moon will lose energy and be turn by force.


WHAT HAPPENS IF THE MOON DISAPPEARS ON EARTH? 

The moon  doesn't have a profound effect on the daily life of Earth , The Moon used to  be the main source of illumination for the night, but today without human being can exist. Only night predators will find it difficult. The main thing is that without lunar eclipse, the ocean will be much reduced and ocean a a whole will be much calmer. Resident of coastal waters will have change their lives dramatically , many seem to be devastated People's lives on the ocean- without big waves  will also change. climate change is likely to change as ocean currents weaken, as does the circulation of air masses, which also have tidal effects.  Hundreds of thousands and millions of years after the absence of the moon , the entire planet would already have fallen. Now the moon stabilizes the the rotation of the Earth's axis, which makes the climate relatively stable. without it fluctuations would be significant and frequent -standing with the deletion of the time year, ending with the freezing of the entire hemisphere.